For example, in Passamaquoddy, "I/we have it" is expressed Where verbs are inflected for person, as in the native languages of Australia and in many Native American languages, the inclusive-exclusive distinction can be made there as well. In the Kunama language of Eritrea, the first-person inclusive and exclusive distinction is marked on dual and plural forms of verbs, independent pronouns, and possessive pronouns. In Samoan, the singular form of the exclusive is the regular word for "I", and the singular form of the inclusive may also occur on its own and then also means "I" but with a connotation of appealing or asking for indulgence. For example, in Vietnamese, the familiar word for "I" ( ta) pluralizes to inclusive we ( chúng ta), and the formal or cold word for "I" ( tôi) pluralizes into exclusive we ( chúng tôi). It is not uncommon for two separate words for "I" to pluralize into derived words, which have a clusivity distinction. However, in Hadza, the inclusive, ’one-be’e, is the plural of the singular ’ono ( ’one-) "I", and the exclusive, ’oo-be’e, is a separate root. In some dialects of Mandarin Chinese, for example, inclusive or exclusive 我們/我们 wǒmen is the plural form of singular wǒ "I", and inclusive 咱們/咱们 zánmen is a separate root. However, when only one of the plural pronouns is related to the singular, that may be the case for either one. In others, however, all three are related, as in Tok Pisin, an English creole spoken in Papua New Guinea, which has singular mi, exclusive mi-pela, and inclusive yu-mi (a compound of mi with yu "you") or yu-mi-pela. That is the case for Chechen, which has singular so/со, exclusive txo/тхо, and inclusive vay/вай. In some languages, the three first-person pronouns appear to be unrelated. Schematic paradigm Sets of reference: Inclusive form (left) and exclusive form (right)Ĭlusivity paradigms may be summarized as a two-by-two grid: The first published description of the inclusive-exclusive distinction by a European linguist was in a description of languages of Peru in 1560 by Domingo de Santo Tomás in his Grammatica o arte de la lengua general de los indios de los Reynos del Perú, published in Valladolid, Spain. While clusivity is not a feature of standard English language, it is found in many languages around the world. you and they) in natural languages is controversial and not well attested. While imagining that this sort of distinction could be made in other persons (particularly the second) is straightforward, in fact the existence of second-person clusivity (you vs. Inclusive "we" specifically includes the addressee (that is, one of the words for "we" means "you and I and possibly others"), while exclusive "we" specifically excludes the addressee (that is, another word for "we" means "he/she/they and I, but not you"), regardless of who else may be involved. In linguistics, clusivity is a grammatical distinction between inclusive and exclusive first-person pronouns and verbal morphology, also called inclusive " we" and exclusive "we".
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